However, contrastive analysis certainly cannot predict these developmental errors. Ca is inadequate to predict the interference problems of a language learner. Cholesterol levels in mgdl mean s2 s before x 237 289 257 228 303 275 262 304 244 233 263. The strong version of the hypothesis is untenable and even the weak version creates difficulties for the linguist. Introduction to hypothesis testing sage publications. Contrastive analysis literature crosslinguistictransfer. The logic of hypothesis testing can be stated in three steps.
I want to test this hypothesis that the population mean, is equal to six days. Hypothesis testing summary indiana university bloomington. That is, we would have to examine the entire population. He analyzes crosslinguistic effect on grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation acquisition, extending the analysis to other areas important for the study of transfer including discourse, individual variation and sociolinguistic factors. Hypothesis testing essay example free essays, term papers.
To prove that a hypothesis is true, or false, with absolute certainty, we would need absolute knowledge. For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a formal distinction between singular viel and plural viele. The null hypothesis this is the hypothesis or claim that is initially assumed to be true. In this chapter i will give a short overview of how the contrastive analysis. Contrastive analysis hypothesis by lin laoshi on prezi. A wellgrounded hypothesis indicates that the researcher has sufficient knowledge in the area to undertake the investigation. The alternative hypothesis this is the hypothesis or claim which we initially assume to be false but which we may decide to accept if there is sufficient evidence. The hypothesis gives direction to the collection and interpretation of data. The aim of this study is to examine the differences and similarities between english and ij. Statistical hypothesis testing is considered a mature area within statistics, but a limited amount of development continues. May 30, 2012 contrastive analysis and secondlanguage acquisition contrastive analysis was used extensively in the field of second language acquisition sla in the 1960s and early 1970s, as a method of explaining why some features of a target language were more difficult to acquire than others.
All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Document resume the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Contrastive analysis is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the second language learner by evaluating languages m. Jun 25, 20 this looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. At the outset, it is important to have a clear research question and know what the outcome variable to be compared is. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of. Hypothesis testing is a method of making decisions using data from scientific study.
Contrastive analysis ca is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the target languagetl learner by evaluating languages m. Download contrastive analysis of english and polish surveying. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of the target language and culture. Lado, the study of second language acquisition, rod ellis p. A statistical hypothesis is an assertion or conjecture concerning one or more populations. Figure 1 shows the steps in the process of hypothesis testing. Cah applies the following procedure when attempting to predict areas of difficulty, as illustrated or stated by whitman 1970. Hypothesis testing scientific computing and imaging institute. Instead, hypothesis testing concerns on how to use a random. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. Millery mathematics department brown university providence, ri 02912 abstract we present the various methods of hypothesis testing that one typically encounters in a mathematical statistics course. A contrastive analysis must proceed through four steps.
An academic study states that the cookbook method of teaching introductory statistics leaves no time for history, philosophy or controversy. Consider the paired data below that represents cholesterol levels on 10 men before and after taking a certain medication. Ppt contrastive analysis interlanguage error analysis powerpoint presentation free to download id. It exists in strong and weak versions, the strong one arising from evidence from the availability of some kind of metatheory of contrastive analysis and the weak from evidence from language interference.
Contrastive analysis hypothesis and tran sfer theory3. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Hypothesis needs to be structured before the datagathering and interpretation phase of the research. The null hypothesis is the hypothesized structure fits the data well vs.
Syntactic complexity, interaction and argumentation in. There are various such tests, intended for use with di erent types of data, e. As such, contrastive analysis must view language psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically as a system to be both described and acquired. Out of context translation of arabic adjectives into english in efl classroom dr. It cannot find out the errors which are committed by the learners due to overgeneralization. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it has been predicted as unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to predetermined threshold probability, the significance level. Still a third hypothesis, and the one which is of special interest in this paper, is the contrastive analysis hypothesis, a hypothesis of particular this paper was presented at the tesol convention, march 1970. Once the research question has been hypothesis testing using pvalues statistical analysis introduction hypothesis testing and estimation jenny v. View contrastive analysis research papers on academia. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. Ca is a good tool to find out difficulties which second language learners may encounter such that predictions are made. Contrastive analysis is viewed as an interlinguistic, bidirectional phenomenon which is concerned with both the form and function of language. Hypothesis testing 4 largersmaller than that of another.
Firas ali suleiman zawahreh directorate of education of ajloun, prince hamzeh bin alhussien basic school for boys, ajloun, jordan email. Read online contrastive analysis of english and polish surveying. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. A critical survey of contrastive analysis hypothesis in a. No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis. Wardhaugh, director of the english language institute of the university of. The main difference between the approximative system hypothesis and the interlanguage hypothesis is that the latter emphasizes the structurally intermediate status of the learners language system between mother tongue and target language, while the former emphasizes the transitional and dynamic nature of the system keshavarz, 1999.
Ca was developed to examine the differences between two languages in an effort to identify problem areas for language learners. Nov 15, 20 contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Can confirmatory factor analysis be used to test a hypothesis. Contrastive analysis suffers from under prediction and over prediction. Such tests, which are designed to compare measures of centrality, are very commonly used. The alternative hypothesis states what we think is wrong about the null hypothesis, which is needed for step 2. Contrastive analysis ca was a hypothesis pioneered in the late 1950s by robert lado and his book linguistics across cultures. In general, we do not know the true value of population parameters they must be estimated. To conduct the test, i gather a sample of people who.
However, we do have hypotheses about what the true values are. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity. This hypothesis believes in the affect of principle of stimulus generalization in the learning of a native or foreign language. This looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur.
Hypothesis testing has been taught as received unified method. The analysis of competing hypotheses ach is said to an unbiased methodology for evaluating multiple competing hypotheses for observed data. Here we provide an overview of those processes as applied to content analysis, discuss reliability and validity in the context of content analysis, and conclude with an example of research that used content analysis. Actually the contrastive analysis hypothesis may be stated in two versions, a strong version and a weak version. At this time, behaviorism and structuralism structural linguistics were predominate in. In addition, ca is a technique to identify whether two languages have something in common, which assess both similarities and differences in languages. The study uses contrastive analysis ca as its theoretical framework. The focus will be on conditions for using each test, the hypothesis. In this paper the claim wilt be made that the strong version is quite unrealistic and impracticable, even though it is the one on which those who write contrastive analyses usually claim to base their work. Testing the model structure is exactly what confirmatory factor analysis does.
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